Phl post tracking

[M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/core/crypto/sha256.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/core/crypto/sha256-prf.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/core/crypto/rtw_crypto_wrap.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/core/rtw_swcrypto.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/core/rtw_trx_usb.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_init.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_debug.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_tx.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_rx.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_rx_agg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_api_drv.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_role.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_sta.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_mr.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_sec.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_chan.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_sw_cap.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_util.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_pkt_ofld.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_connect.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_chan_info.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_wow.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_dm.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_chnlplan.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_country.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_chnlplan_6g.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_regulation.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_regulation_6g.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_led.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_trx_mit.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_acs.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_mcc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_ecsa.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/test/phl_dbg_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/test/phl_ps_dbg_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_msg_hub.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_sound.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_twt.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_notify.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_sound_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_p2pps.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_ps.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_thermal.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_dispatch_engine.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_dispatcher.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_dispr_controller.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_ser.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_general.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_scan.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_btc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_cmd_ps.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/phl_watchdog.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hci/phl_trx_usb.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_api_mac.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_api_bb.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_api_rf.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_api_btc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_api_efuse.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_com_i.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_init.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_io.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_rx.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_tx.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_sta.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_cam.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_csi_buffer.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_beamform.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_sound.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_chan.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_str_proc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_fw.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_cap.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_ser.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_ps.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_c2h.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_dbcc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_chan_info.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_wow.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_ld_file.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_regulation.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_led.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_trx_mit.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_acs.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_mcc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_api.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_twt.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_notify.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_p2pps.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_thermal.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/hal_usb.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/efuse/hal_efuse.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/addr_cam.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/cmac_tx.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/coex.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/cpuio.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/dbgpkg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/dbgport_hw.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/dbg_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/dle.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/efuse.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/fwcmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/fwdl.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/fwofld.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/gpio.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/hci_fc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/hdr_conv.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/hw_seq.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/h2c_agg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/hw.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/hwamsdu.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/init.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/la_mode.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/mcc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/mport.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/phy_rpt.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/power_saving.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/pwr.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/p2p.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/role.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/rx_filter.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/rx_forwarding.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/ser.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/security_cam.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/sounding.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/status.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/tblupd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/tcpip_checksum_offload.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/trx_desc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/trxcfg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/twt.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/wowlan.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/flash.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/spatial_reuse.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/pwr_seq_func.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/phy_misc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/_usb.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/mac_8852a/gpio_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/mac_8852a/init_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/mac_8852a/pwr_seq_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/mac_ax/mac_8852a/_usb_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/fw_ax/rtl8852a/hal8852a_fw.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/mac/fw_ax/rtl8852a/hal8852a_fw_log.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/btc/hal_btc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/btc/halbtc_def.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/btc/halbtc_action.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/btc/halbtc_fw.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/btc/halbtc_dbg_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/btc/btc_8852a/btc_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/rtl8852a_halinit.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/rtl8852a_mac.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/rtl8852a_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/rtl8852a_phy.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/rtl8852a_ops.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/hal_trx_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/usb/rtl8852au_halinit.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/usb/rtl8852au_halmac.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/usb/rtl8852au_io.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/usb/rtl8852au_led.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/usb/rtl8852au_ops.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/rtl8852a/usb/hal_trx_8852au.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_api.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_rua_tbl.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_auto_dbg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_cfo_trk.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_ch_info.o

CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_cmn_rpt.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_dbcc.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_dbg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_dbg_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_dfs.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_edcca.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_env_mntr.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_hw_cfg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_init.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_interface.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_la_mode.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_math_lib.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_mp.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_plcp_gen.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_plcp_tx.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_pmac_setting.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_psd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_physts.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_pwr_ctrl.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_ra.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_statistics.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_ant_div.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_dig.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_fwofld.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_dyn_csi_rsp.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a/halbb_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a/halbb_8852a_api.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a/halbb_hwimg_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a/halbb_reg_cfg_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a_2/halbb_8852a_2.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a_2/halbb_8852a_2_api.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a_2/halbb_hwimg_8852a_2.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/bb/halbb_8852a_2/halbb_reg_cfg_8852a_2.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_pmac.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_api.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_dbg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_dbg_cmd.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_ex.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_hw_cfg.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_init.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_interface.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_pwr_table.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_iqk.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_8852a_api.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_hwimg_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_txgapk_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_iqk_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_reg_cfg_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_dpk_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_dack_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_set_pwr_table_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_efuse_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_tssi_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_kfree_8852a.o CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/phl/hal_g6/phy/rf/halrf_8852a/halrf_psd_8852a.o LD [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/8852au.o MODPOST /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/Module.symvers CC [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/8852au.mod.o LD [M] /home/pi/linktp/rtl8852au/8852au.ko make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.103+' #cp Module.symvers .symvers.8852au ➜ rtl8852au git:(dwa-x1850) ✗ make install install -p -m 644 8852au.ko /lib/modules/5.10.103+/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw89/ /sbin/depmod -a 5.10.103+ ➜ rtl8852au git:(dwa-x1850) ✗ reboot ➜ rtl8852au git:(dwa-x1850) ✗ airmon-ng PHY Interface Driver Chipset ```

80 Å (Hu and Liu 2015).Ligands have higher transition energy than protein which is read as a higher molar absorption coefficient (ε) value of PHL, each PHL and INS have the ε value 7092 and 1389·M-1·cm-1 (Table 1). An interaction between INS and PHL can be proposed based on spectrum and the ε value. The largest ε value was obtained at the mole ratio of 1:0.05 (PHL: INS), which was 159,040·M-1·cm-1. The lowest ε value was found in the ratio 1:1 is 9396·M-1·cm-1. The higher the mole ratio of INS, the higher the absorbance, but the weaker the ability to capture light or the smaller the molar absorption coefficient. In this study, the maximum absorbance of PHL was 285 nm (Fig. 1a). Similarly, the optimum PHL absorption was detected at a wavelength of 285 nm (Chen et al. 2020). The optimum absorption peak followed the PHL trend than INS, an indication that the increase in absorbance of the INS–PHL mixture is dominantly influenced by PHL even though the PHL mole ratio is constant. Albumin binding with ligands was conditioned with low ligand concentration but a high ligand–albumin ratio. Ligand molecules can associate with low affinity (Tang et al. 2006). Figure 1b showed that INS–PHL absorption increased with increasing PHL concentration. The higher the PHL ratio, the larger the wavelength shift of the shape of peak and maximum absorbency of INS.Table 1 The molar absorption coefficients (ε) of PHL and INSFull size tableProtein absorbance measurements have been carried out at room temperature conditions and normal pH to mimic protein’s normal condition (Nienhaus and Nienhaus 2005). In two separate studies, it was found that insulin does not dissolve at normal pH but dissolves in the pH range 2–3 using HCl as a solvent (Gooch 2004; Sigma-Aldrich Co. 2014). The intrinsic fluorescence in insulin fibrils was recorded at pH 1.8 and pH 7, which was different from normal protein. This study used HCl pH 2 as a solvent. The morphological review of insulin using TEM showed that insulin fluorescence was not entirely related to the morphological features of amyloid fibrils (Iannuzzi et al.

Fluorescence properties of INS mainly come from Tyr residues (A14, A19, B16, B26). Therefore, the fluorescence properties of Tyr were also studied in the absence and presence of PHL (Fig. 7). The spectrum was recorded at an excitation wavelength ranging from 280 to 400 nm and a temperature of 298 K, while the Tyr residues were measured at 305 nm. Figure 7 shows that the addition of different PHL concentrations can change the fluorescence intensity of Tyr significantly. As the concentration of PHL increases, the fluorescence intensity of Tyr weakens and produces a redshift. This result is similar to the fluorescence quenching experiment of INS by PHL. It confirms that PHL can change Tyr residues’ surrounding environment and decrease fluorescence intensity.Fig. 7The fluorescence intensity of Tyr by PHL in 298KFull size imageDetermination of binding constant of INS–PHL interactionINS’s quenching effect by PHL has been known as static quenching and accompanied by dynamic quenching, indicating interactions and the formation of complexes between INS and PHL. Static quenching takes into account the formation of INS–PHL interaction. The researchers (Lakowicz 1999; Zhang et al. 2008; Gentili et al. 2008; Shi et al. 2013; Shi et al. 2015; Hashemi-Shahraki et al. 2020) explained that the binding constant (Ka) value and the number of binding sites (n) between biomacromolecules and small molecules can be determined by Eq. 1.$$ \log \left[\frac{F_0-F}{F}\right]=\log {K}_a+n\log \left[Q\right] $$ (2) F0: Fluorescence intensity without adding quencherF: Fluorescence intensity with a particular concentration of quenching agentKa: Binding constant of two molecules (M-1)n: Binding site of two molecules[Q]:The concentration of quenching agent (μM)The Ka values of the INS–PHL interaction were found to be 1.53 × 104, 1.16 × 104, and 9.80 × 103 M−1 at 288, 298, and 308 K, respectively (Eq. 2). The calculated Ka values indicate that INS and PHL are mutually binding, and the binding effect is relatively significant. Based on Table 2, the Ka values decreased with the increase of temperature. It means that INS and PHL’s stability reduces at a higher temperature, similar to the observation by Lakowicz and Weber (1973). An increase in the temperature can decrease